Mike West, Managing Director for Keysource gave an interview to E Week in June which is summarised below. Want to challenge Mike’s views? Please comment below.
The Petroleum Geo-Services (PGS) data centre in Surrey appears to be the first in Europe to have a Power Usage Efficiency (PUE) score of 1.2. PUE is the amount of energy put into the system divided by the amount that reaches the servers - and most of today's data centres have a score greater than two, which means less than half the power input reaches the IT kit.
That's a feather in the cap for Keysource, the company that built the PGS centre but it's important not to oversimplify the discussion, said Mike West, Keysource's Managing Director. A data centre's PUE depends a lot on the outside temperature, and should be quoted as an annual figure, based on a year's figures for temperature fluctuations. "The important factor is the annualised PUE in kwH," said West. "Air conditioning is where the biggest gains can be made. Losses from UPS inefficiencies, and standby power, are all linear and predictable, but data centre cooling is the area of biggest opportunity." Because cooling depends on outside temperatures and other factors, it's the one where extra work can get the biggest gains. "Nuances around the specialist mechanical and electrical plant can have a dramatic effect on the outcome of the facility from an efficiency and performance point of view," he said.
"The biggest issue is the high density hardware," West said. Blades can pack more processing power in a smaller space, but that raises the amount of heat that needs to be dissipated. The PGS data centre has around 16kW per rack position. The only way to get a low PUE is to cut down the amount of active cooling that needs to be done, and use "free cooling". Instead of turning on mechanical chillers that burn power and push the PUE up. PGS only needs to turn on chillers when the ambient temperature is above 24C. Most free cooling systems so far have needed a temperature of five degrees - so they can only be used for maybe 1000 hours a year. Keysource does better by raising the input temperature: "According to our climate models, we would only need chillers on for 87 hours in a typical year," said West. That's partly helped by location: "our climate in this country is ideal for free cooling in data centres."
Why not fresh air?
In theory "fresh air cooling" for data centres might take the PUE down further, by just flushing the building with air from outside, and doing away with the need for heat exchangers. "You still have to have fans to move the air," he said, but there would also be a heavy expense in continually filtering the air, with high quality filters that would need changing regularly. Also, there would be the expense of warming the air and humidifying it, to keep the constant levels that servers like. Instead, Keysource prefers the standard closed loop system with heat exchangers. "We were satisfied that our cooling system is as efficient as a fresh air system - and has no contamination to deal with."
In the PGS data centre, air is provided at 22C, which is well within the specifications of the servers, he said. That's two degrees higher than the 20C which has become traditional, but not a big change, he said. Every degree the input temperature is raised increases the number of hours where no chilling is needed for the centre. The main issue is keeping the "hot aisle" between the backs of the servers strictly separate from the "cold aisle" outside the server racks, he said. "The only way cold air can get back to the server is by getting heated up. It is ducted to the ceiling and back to the heat exchanger." Meanwhile, the cold air is supplied underneath a raised floor, and blown in through the wall, at the full height of the room, he said - so the cold aisle is effectively the whole server room, apart from the hot aisles between the server backs. While the temperature at the processors can up to 100C or 150C, the hot aisle only gets up to around 32C, he said.
To read the original article, published By Peter Judge at E Week on Europe 8th June 2009, please click ‘Data Centre Cooling - It's Not Rocket Science’